Quercus nigra and Quercus alba
نویسندگان
چکیده
lnvestigaltons into the nature of desiccation-sensitive, or recalcitant, seed behavior have as yet failed to identify exact causes of this phenomenon. Experiments with Quercus nigra L. and Quercus alba L. were conducted to examine physiological and biochemical changes brought about by seed desiccation and to determine if there were predictable changes in seed moisture content, m enthalpy (heat content) of seed moisture, in the lipid fraction, or in !>eed ultrastructure as viabi lity declined. Quercus nigra intact acorn moisture contents at 50% and 5% viability were 15% and less than 14%, respectively; those of intact Q. alba at 50o/c and 0% viability were much higher. 32% and 22%. respectively. Generally, it was found that as the seeds of both species dried, the moisture content of the axes remained high (26-27%), even after 9 days of drying. In Q. nigra acorns, there was little difference in average percent moisture lost per day among axes, proximal cotyledon tissue. and d1stal cotyledon tissue. Quercus alba acorns, however. lost mOisture more rapidly from the axes than from the cotyledons. This was probably caused by the longitudinal splitting of the pericarp during the drying process. Lipids composed 28.4% of the dry weight of Q. nigra and 5.7% of Q. alba dry weight. Neither individual fatty acids nor total fatty acid content exhibited definite patterns of change over the course of the experiment. The most prevalent saturated fatty acid in both species was palmitic acid, and the most common unsaturated fatty acid wa~ generally oleic acid. Electron microscopy studies of Q. nigra showed cell wall trauma after 3 days of drying (moisture content 23% ); by day 7, when moisture content had dropped to 15.6%, there was a definite dissolution of cytoplasmic density and a reduction of spherosome concentration. Quercus alba exhibited similar responses to drying. but cell wall integrity was maintained. Differential scanning calorimetry studies revealed strong relationships between onset and enthalpy va lues of all acorn tissues and percent germination. as did regressions involving moisture content and seed germination. Resume : Les recherches sur Ia nature des graines sensibles a Ia dessiccation. ou sur le comportement des grames recalcitrantes. n' ont pas reussi jusqu ·a main tenant a identifier Ia cause exacte de ce phenomene Des experiences ont ete realisees avec Quercus nigra L. et Quercus alba L. afin d'etudier les changements physiologiques et biochimiques provoques par Ia dessiccation de Ia graine et de determiner s'i l y avait des changements previsibles dans le contenu en humidite de Ia graine, dans l'enthalpie (le contenu en energie calorifique) de l'eau dans Ia graine, dans Ia fraction des hpides ou dans les caracteristiques ultrastructrales de Ia graine a mesure que Ia viabilite dim~nuc. Le contenu en eau de glands intacts de Q. nigra avec un taux de viabilite de 50% et 5% etait respectivement de 15% et de moins de 14%. Dans le cas de Q. alba, les glands avec un taux de viabilite de 50% et 0% avaient un contenu en eau beaucoup plus eleve, soH respecuvement 32% et 22%. Generalement, a mesure que les graines des deux especes sechaient, le contenu en eau des axes demeurait eleve (26-27%), meme apres 9 jours de sechage. Avec les glands de Q. nigra. il y avait peu de difference dans lc pourcentage moyen de perte en eau entre les axes, le tissu proximal des cotyledons et le tissu distal des cotyledons. Les glands de Q. alba, cependant, ont perdu de l'humidite plus rapidement au niveau des axes que des cotyledons. Cela etait probablement dO a Ia fissuration longitudinale du pericarpe durant le sechage. Les llpides constituaient respectivement 28,4% et 5,7% du poids sec chez Q. nigra et Q. alba. Ni le contenu en ac1des gras md1viduels ni le contenu total en acides gras n'ont exh1be de patrons defims de changement pendant Ia duree de !'experience. L'acide gras sature le plus important chez les deux especes etai t l'acide palmitique et Rece1ved November I, 1995. Accepted June 6, 1996. K.F. Connor,l F.T. Bonner, and J.A. Vozzo. USDA Forest Service. Forestry Sc1ences Laboratory, P.O. Box 928. Starkville, MS 39760-0928, U.S.A 1 Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed. Can. J. For. Res. 26 1813 1821 (1996). Primed 1n Canada /lmprim~ au Canada 1814 Can. J . For. Res . Vol. 26, 1996 l'acidc g.ra-, non sature le plus frequent etait generalement l'ac ide olcique. Dans le cas de Q. nigra, les observations en microscopic e lectronique revelaient un traumatisme dans Ia paroi cellulaire aprcs 3 jours de sechage (contenu en humiditc de 23% ): a pres 7 jours. alors que le contenu en cau eta it descendu a 15.6%, on pouva1t dcfinitivement observer une dissolution de Ia den~ite cytoplasmiquc et une reduction de Ia concentration des ~phcrosomes. La n!ponsc au scchage etait semblable pour Q. alba mais l'tntcgrite de Ia parot cellulaire etait maintenue. Le balayage par calonmetrie differentiellc montrait une forte relat•9n entre les valeurs d'enthalpie au debut ct le pourcentage de germination, de Ia meme fa9011 que les regressions qui impliquatent lc contenu en eau et Ia germtnauon des graines. [Tradull par Ia Redaction]
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